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DOLCE Lite-Plus

Expressivity

the current state (for 397) of the DLP library is: DL Expressivity (for the complete library): SHION(D) [within OWL-DL] S == ALCR+ AL - Attribute Logic: Conjunction, Universal Value Restriction, Limited Existential Quantification C - Complement (together with AL allows Disjunction, Full Existential Quantification) R+ - Role Transitivity H - Role Hierarchy I - Role Inverse O - Nominal N - Unqualified Number Restrictions (D) - Datatypes

Description

The lite versions of DOLCE are simplified translations of DOLCE into various logical languages. They are maintained for several reasons: 1. allowing the implementation of DOLCE-based ontologies in languages that are less expressive than FOL. In particular, DOLCE-Lite does not make use of S5 modalities and of some temporally-indexed relations. Modal operators are not heavily exploited in DOLCE, then the consequences are not very harmful for most uses. Temporal indexing is partly supported by composing originally indexed relations with temporal location relations. Even this support is not provided for description logic versions of DOLCE-Lite like DAML+OIL, OWL-DL, etc. 2. allowing a description-logic-like naming policy for DOLCE signature. In many cases, different names are adopted for relations that have the same name but different arities in the FOL version, or for relations that have polymorphic domains 3. allowing extensions of DOLCE that do not have a detailed axiomatization yet, and modularizing them (placeholders) 4. taking benefit of the services of certain implemented languages -specially the classification services provided by description logics- in order to support domain applications The DLP ontology library is currently maintained in two languages: a dialect of KIF3.0 (PL), and DAML+OIL. The first one contains a complete code for the library, including theWordNet alignment modules. The second one contains the library (according to available costructs of DAML+OIL) without the WordNet code, since it is very simple and takes much space. DLP+KIF is currently used in some applications that need deep inferences, which can only be provided by expressive, logic-programming-enabled languages. DLP+DAML is currently used in Semantic Web applications, for example in the Core Ontology for Services (COS). The extensions to DOLCE presented in the library are work in progress, and although some of them have been tested in realistic applications, they should be taken cautiously from the viewpoint of rigorous formal ontology.

Comment from OWL file

The version 3.9 of DOLCE-Lite (updated to D18 of DOLCE-Full) with some basic extensions, called DOLCE-Lite-Plus, or DLP. The ontology graph in this version is the following: ------Backbone: http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/DOLCE-Lite# http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/TemporalRelations# http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/SpatialRelations# http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/ExtendedDnS# [includes a minimal action and process theory] ------Basic extensions: http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/FunctionalParticipation# http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/Plans# http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/InformationObjects# http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/SocialUnits# http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/Collections# http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/Collectives# http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/CommonSenseMapping# -----Experimental extensions: http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/MentalObjects# [just a placeholder] http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/Systems# http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/SemioticCommunicationTheory# http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/Causality# http://www.loa-cnr.it/ontologies/ModalDescriptions# The backbone of the library is constituted by: (1) DOLCE-Lite, which is an encoding of most predicates formalized in DOLCE-Full (S5 and KIF versions), as presented in the Deliverable D18 of the WonderWeb EU Project (http://wonderweb-semanticweb.org). (2) two sets of temporal relations defined over perdurants which are adapted from Allen's temporal calculus, and of spatial relations that simplify the expression of places and locations from particulars to regions, and (3) the DnS (Descriptions and Situations) ontology, which provides a vocabulary to talk of reified (social) entities such as relations, roles, contexts, situations, parameters, etc. Appropriate relations link DnS reifications to DOLCE-Lite non-reified entities. The reification ontology of DnS includes a minimal vocabulary for action and process theory, following the main assumptions in situation and action theories, like Situation and Attitudes, BDI, etc. The backbone has a stratification, so that TemporalRelations, SpatialRelations, and Extended DnS all inherit the DOLCE-Lite ontology. Based on that backbone, other wide-scoping ontologies are provided: (4) ontology of information objects, based on semiotics, which provides a vocabulary to talk of languages, expressions vs. meaning, logical vs. physical documents, reference, etc. (5) a well-developed ontology of plans and tasks, containing also a set of individual tasks that provide grounded primitives to specify process types: this is the OWL port of a FOL version as presented in the Deliverable D07 of the Metokis EU Project: http://metokis.salzburgresearch.at; (6) a preliminary ontology of functional participation relations, which provide a vocabulary for event-oriented relations encoded by linguistic verbs (in Western languages), like 'performs' or 'makes'; (7) an ontology for collections and collectives; (8) a set of common sense mappings, introduced to support a mapping to WordNet (contained in another file). Besides these basic extensions, which are currently exploited in several application domains, and are actively under development, there are also some less developed ontologies, all bases on the backbone, but still at a preliminary and debatable stage. They are included here as placeholders, and are used by some applications, but they are not yet stable. ***Scope of DOLCE-Lite-Plus*** The lite versions of DOLCE are simplified translations of DOLCE into various logical languages. They are maintained for several reasons: 1. allowing the implementation of DOLCE-based ontologies in languages that are less expressive than FOL. In particular, DOLCE-Lite does not make use of S5 modalities and of some temporally-indexed relations. Modal operators are not heavily exploited in DOLCE, then the consequences are not very harmful for most uses. Temporal indexing is partly supported by composing originally indexed relations with temporal location relations. Even this support is not provided for description logic versions of DOLCE-Lite like DAML+OIL, OWL-DL, etc. 2. allowing a description-logic-like naming policy for DOLCE signature. In many cases, different names are adopted for relations that have the same name but different arities in the FOL version, or for relations that have polymorphic domains 3. allowing extensions of DOLCE that do not have a detailed axiomatization yet, and modularizing them (placeholders) 4. taking benefit of the services of certain implemented languages -specially the classification services provided by description logics- in order to support domain applications. The DLP ontology library is currently maintained in two languages: a dialect of KIF3.0 (PL), and DAML+OIL (and now OWL-DL). The first one contains a complete code for the library, including theWordNet alignment modules. The second one contains the library (according to available costructs of DAML+OIL) without the WordNet code, since it is very simple and takes much space. DLP+KIF is currently used in some applications that need deep inferences, which can only be provided by expressive, logic-programming-enabled languages. DLP+DAML is currently used in Semantic Web applications, for example in the Core Ontology for Services (COS). The extensions to DOLCE presented in the library are work in progress, and although some of them have been tested in realistic applications, they should be taken cautiously from the viewpoint of rigorous formal ontology. The axioms for constraining the semantics of relations in DLP, which exist in the KIF or FOL versions, are not included into this OWL version, because a workaround is needed for representing relation axioms in OWL-DL, which increases beyond acceptability the time employed by a reasoner to check the ontologies. *Updates can be downloaded from: http://dolce.semanticweb.org*

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